Вивчаємо тему "Great Britain"
ОзнайомитисяLondon
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic
and cultural centre. It’s one of the largest cities in the world. Its
population is more than 9 million people. London is situated on the river
Thames. It was founded more than two thousand years ago.
London is an ancient city. It
appeared at the place where the Roman invaders decided to build a bridge over
the Thames. There are four parts in London: West End, East End, the City and
Westminster.
The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business
centre. There are many offices, companies and banks in this part of the
capital. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange. The Tower of London and
St Paul’s Cathedral are situated in the City.
Westminster is also important part of the capital. It’s the
administrative centre of London. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the
British Government, are there. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster
Abbey where kings and queens have been crowned and many famous people were
buried. The Houses of Parliament are often referred to as the Palace of
Westminster.
The Towers of the Houses of Parliament stand high above
the city. On the highest tower there is the largest clock in the country, Big
Ben. Big Ben strikes every quarter
of an hour.
To the west of Westminster is
West End, the richest part of London. It is full of luxury hotels,
super-markets, cinemas and concert-halls. In the centre of the West End the
Trafalgar Square is situated with the famous statue of Lord Nelson.
To the east of Westminster is East End, an industrial district of the
capital. Most of plants and factories are situated there.
The official London residence of
the Queen is Buckingham Palace. The
palace was built in 1703 by the Duke Buckingham. The daily ceremony of the Changing
of the Guard takes place in its courtyard.
There are many museums in London. For example, the
British Museum, the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum. The British
Museum is the biggest museum in London. The museum is famous for its library — one
of the richest in the world.
There are many beautiful parks in London. St James’s Park, Green
Park, Hyde Park, and Kensington Gardens are linked together and form above 300
hectares of parkland in the heart of London.
KYIV - THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE
Kyiv, the capital of
Ukraine, has the population of nearly three million inhabitants and
covers over 43 km from east to west and 42 km from north to south.
According to the legend, Kyiv
was founded by three brothers — Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv, — and their
sister Lybid. The city was named after Kyi, the eldest brother. The
monument erected in their honor stands on the bank of the River Dnipro.
In
the late 6th and early 7th centuries the first fortification appeared
in the northern section of Old Kyiv Hill. While the court of the princes
was located on the hills of Kyiv, the lower part of the city, known as
Podil, developed into a busy trading district.
With the establishment of Kyivan Rus' (the 9th century), Kyiv became its capital.
Prince
Volodymyr the Great (980—1015) expanded the city. Kyivan Rus' was at
its zenith under the rule of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1036—1054).
Monasteries were established and developed into centres of education.
Close to 400 churches were built, the most famous of which, Saint
Sofia's Cathedral (1037), has survived to this day. The first library
was founded on the grounds of the Cathedral.
Today Kyiv is one of
the greatest ancient European cities, rich with the monuments of art
and architecture. It is a political, scientific, cultural, sports, and
industrial centre of modern Ukraine.
Kyiv is a major industrial
centre that includes companies specializing in electronics, engineering,
aviation, food, and chemical production, etc. Kyiv's economic
development has been enriched by its advantageous location along the
Dnipro River, which links Kyiv to the Black Sea.
The city has
many hotels, cafes, and restaurants with Ukrainian, European, American,
and Eastern cuisine to accommodate tourists and business persons.
Stadiums, tennis courts, swimming pools, and gyms are also available for
you. If you visit Kyiv in late May, you will witness a beautiful
festival — "The Days of Kyiv".
VOCABULARY
fortification [,fɔ:tɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] — військ, фортифікація;
мн. фортифікаційні споруди
to expand [ɪks'pasnd] — розширяти
cathedral [kə'θi:dr(ə)l] — собор
to accommodate [ə'kɔmədeɪt] — робити послугу; давати притулок,
розміщати stadium ['steɪdjəm] — стадіон
Cities of Ukraine
Kiev
We even do not know which words to use describing Kiev (Kyiv) truly, briefly and in details. One can speak about tourist Kiev for hours, as it is a magic city. It has a rich thousand-year history. The city shows the beautiful old historical and architectural monuments to its visitors. To see everything a few hours excursion won’t be enough. To feel Kiev you will need at least a few days. Sightseeing, museums and show-rooms, parks, gardens and squares, temples and small churches – find the time to walk not only famous tour routes of this city but to find out the secrets of the magic and unknown Kiev, which has been keeping a lot of legends and secrets for many centuriesBusiness Kyiv
Modern Kiev (Kyiv) is one of the largest cities in Europe. It is an administrative, political and economic center of Ukraine. Government facilities, Ukrainian Presidential Administration, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, foreign embassies, foreign representative offices, head offices of the international non-governmental organizations, associations and multinational institutions are located in Kiev. Kiev is not only the business activity center for the Ukrainian enterprises; it is also the place where a lot of international events, conferences, exhibitions, show and sport events are held. Kiev was chosen the capital of the European football Championship which will be held in 2012 (Euro-2012).Read more...
Chernigov
Chernigov (Chernihiv) is considered to be one of the oldest cities in Ukraine. The first records of this city are dated by the beginning of the 10th century. Since 1024 till 1036 this city was even the capital of Kievan Rus! Today Chernigov is one the most beautiful cities of our country. There you can visit a lot of monuments of architecture and history. Here one fourth of all Ukrainian landmarks of the period previous to Tartar Mongol Yoke are located. The history of Kievan Rus and the Principality of Chernigov was written here. The names of the outstanding historical personalities (Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich (1054-1073), the son of Yaroslav, the Wise, Vladimir Monomakh (1076-1094), the hero of The Song of Igor's Campaign – Igor Svyatoslavovich) are connected with the history of this city. This city survived the siege of the Tartar Mongol forces of Batu Khan (1239). Polish forces (1320), Kiev Princes (1340) fought to conquer this city. In the 11th century Lithuania conquered Chernigov, and later it belonged to Muscovy and in the beginning of the 17th century to Poland.Lviv
Ukrainian edition of the FORBES magazine rated the city of Lviv (Lvov), situated in Western Ukraine 564km from Kyiv (1 hour 40 min flight, night train, car), as number four (after Kyiv, Odessa і Kharkov) in the list of Ukrainian cities with best recommendations for starting a business. Lviv won due to the factors which experts called “human resources” (number 1) and “investment climate” (number 2 in the country)Odessa
Odessa is a wonderful port city located at the Black sea coast. Its population is 1,007,000 people and it is the third largest city in the country. It is not only the large industrial and scientific center but also a very beautiful city which we advice you to visit to enjoy the spirit of romantic elegance.Distance from Kiev to Odessa is 443 km (655 km by railway and 466 km by highway), or 1 hour 10 minutes by airplane.
Donetsk
“Donetsk? “Shakhtar” – champion?”It is a usual reaction for the people living in Donetsk and not only in Ukraine. Indeed, today the people living in Donetsk are recognized due to their local football team, which won the UEFA Cup. By the way “Shakhtar” is among three post-Soviet teams, which won this t
Kharkiv
It is not know when this city was exactly founded, even concerning the name of this city - Kharkov (Kharkiv) – the scientists have 13 versions! One thing is known for sure – in 1630 a settlement was built in the territory of modern Kharkov (Kharkiv) – at that time a wooden fortress was located there. This city became the center of the province (region) in the middle of the 18th century. Gradually it turned into the commercial and trade center and later into the industrial center with many plants and fabrics. In the middle of the 19th century there were more than 70 industrial facilities in Kharkov! Starting from the end of the 19th century the regular transport passenger and post service was arranged from Kharkov to Moscow by stage-coaches and railway. There was the locomotive works in the city. And even nowadays this city is more industrial and scientific center than historical and cultural city.AN IDEAL SCHOOL
I
often think about an ideal school for me and my classmates. I often
think why do some school children hate their school life? Why do they miss
classes and in the morning they go to
school almost by force?
What must a school be like for children to attend it with
pleasure?
Lets imagine an IDEAL SCHOOL.
I, first of all, see a cosy building, where there no planks in the
windows instead of the window- panes, where it is warm in winter, where you
don’t see foul words on the walls…
Surely, schoolchildren and teachers must create a comfortable atmosphere
in school.
To my mind, it is necessary to create different sections in school,
where pupils will be able to fulfill and develop their talents and broaden their knowledge.
The circles in embroidery, wood-carving, cooking, painting, literature, dancing , football, basketball and volleyball
must be created.
It is also important for senior pupils to have special classes for
learning Math, English, Computer, Biology etc.
The process of learning shouldn’t be boring and difficult. A school
should teach the pupils to think first
of all and not to wait for ready – made
solutions. A school should give the pupils such knowledge which will be
necessary for them in future.
An ideal school should be equipped with everything which is necessary
for fruitful work of the pupils. I mean computers, different interesting books
in the library, watching slide-films at the geography or biology lessons,
excursions, watching TV, listening to English-speakers on the tape- recorders
during English lessons.
Pupils do not like “dry” theory,
but they obtain the knowledge with great
pleasure, if it is given in some original way.
If it were provided, a school would stop to be a prison for its pupils.Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Khmelnytsky was born in 1596 and died in 1657 in Chyhyryn. He was
Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host from 1648 to 1657, a founder of Hetman state
(1648–1782). His father served as an officer under the Polish crown of hetman
S. Zolkiewski and his mother was a Cossack descent. Bohdan Khmelnytsky
completed his schooling before 1520 and acquired a broad knowledge of world
history and fluency in Polish and Latin. Later he acquired a knowledge of
Turkish, Tatar and French. The battle of Cecora (1620), in which he lost his
father and was captured by the Turks, was his first military action. He spent
two years in Istanbul and then was ransomed by his mother and returned to
Ukraine.
In 1620s he joined the registered Cossacks. Later he married Hanna Somko, a
Cossack’s daughter from Pereiaslav. By 1637 he attained the high office of
military chancellor. By the Ordinance of 1638 the Polish King revoked the
autonomy of the Zaporozhian Host and placed the registered Cossacks under the
direct authority of the Polish military command in Ukraine. The office of
military chancellor, which Khmelnytsky has held, was abolished and Khmelnytsky
was demoted to a captain of Chyhyryn regiment.
In 1638 he visited Warsaw with a Cossack delegation to petition King
Vladyslav IV to restore the former Cossack privileges.
By 1645 his reputation for leadership was such that King Vladyslav IV, in
putting together a coalition of Poland, Venice, and other states against
Turkey, turned to him to obtain the support of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. These
events provided Khmelnytsky with wide military and political contacts.
Khmelnytsky has been regarded with suspicion for many years by Polish
magnates in Ukraine. In spite of the fact that Khmelnytsky received a title to
Subotiv in 1646, the Chyhyryn assistant Vicegerent Czaplinski raided the
estate, seized movable property, and disrupted the manor’s economy.
Khmelnytsky’s small son was severely beaten at the marketplace in Chyhyryn.
Under these conditions Khmelnytsky’s wife died in 1647.
At the end of December 1647 Khmelnytsky departed for Zaporozhia with a
small (300–400 men) detachment. There he was elected hetman. This event marked
the beginning of a new Cossack uprising, which quickly turned into a national
revolution.
The great uprising of 1648 was one of the most cataclysmic events in
Ukrainian history. It is difficult to find an uprising of comparable magnitude,
intensity, and impact in the history of early modern Europe. A crucial element
in the revolt was the leadership of hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, whose
exceptional organizational, military and political talents to a large extent
accounted for its success.
Khmelnytsky was buried on 25 August 1657 in St Elijah’s Church in Subotiv,
which he himself had built. His greatest achievement in the process of national
revolution was the Cossack Hetman State of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782).
His statesmanship was demonstrated in all areas of state-building — in the
military, administration, finance, economics, and culture.
Books...
I think that we can't live without them. I believe that books stay
with us for all our life. When I was a child my parents read them to me. I was
happy to listen to the stories and tales. I learned a lot of interesting things
from books. I remember thtat I liked thick books. Later I've learnt to read myself.
I like to read books about animals, nature and children. I like to get presents
on my birthday. I am happy if it is a book. It doesn't matter what kind of book
it is. I like to read almost all books. If I have spare time, I spend it with
my favourite book. When I was fifteen I was fond of reading too. But I
preferred to read books about travels. I travelled with the heroes of the
stories. I saw many interesting places and learned a lot of important facts
about other countries and people. Now I like to read books about science. You
can learn a lot from books. I am sure that books play a very important role in
my life. Our family has got many books. All the members of our family buy books
and read them. My mother says that books help us in our self-education. In
ancient times books were written by hand. It was difficult to write a book with
a pen. Then printing came into our life. Printing played an important role in
the development of literature and culture. Now there are a lot of books in the
shops, there are many books in our homes. But it is expensive to buy all the
books we want to read. That's why we can read books in public libraries. There
are many problems in our life and sometimes it is difficult to solve them. I
think that books can help us in it. Last year I read a very interesting book
titled "An American Tragedy" by Theodore Dreiser. This novel was
published at the beginning of the 20th century. The novel describes the tragic
fate of a boy and a girl, Clyde and Roberta by name. It is a sad story. This
novel was written many years ago, but it is still popular nowadays. Books must
be our friends during all our life.
Music
Music plays an important role in people's life. It forms people's
internal world, helps correctly understand occurring events and bring up taste.
Outstanding German musician Ludwig van Beethoven told: "Music is a higher
revelation than all wisdom and philosophy. Famous Russian sculptor Konenkov
told: "I never would become the artist, if from childhood would not grow
fond music" Music expresses most beautiful and sincere feelings. It is
difficult to imagine a person, who would not love music. But everyone
understands the role of music by different ways: Superficial or deep and of
cause different types of music: Serious and thoughtless. But it doesn't mean
that serious music is good music and thoughtless - bad. Simple and thoughtless
music is very popular today. It is easier to hear and understand it. Nowadays
that kind of music called "POP music". It includes such styles of
music as jazz, rock, rap, disco and so on. Such music is necessary to the man,
it lifts mood, and also it is easily remembered. Music by Bach, Mozart,
Beethoven, Chaykovsky, Grig, Schubert, Rachmaninov - is classic music. it is
necessary to learn, to understand it and it is quite accessible to everyone. It
is necessary gradually to prepare itself for acquaintance to serious music. Also
it is good to learn and find out some information about the composer, about his
time, and maybe read literary product to which music is written. Despite of it,
classical music is not less popular than POP music. Leading composers are
connected to progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations
people. Each nation differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being
improved by creative efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high
degree of art maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional
musical creativity of composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced
ideas epoch of national culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline
and degeneration. In the simplest terms music can be described as the
juxtaposition of two elements that involve pitch and duration and that are
usually called melody and rhythm. Millions of people like music and can't
imagine their life without it. Music affects the emotions in different ways.
Music arouses deep emotions and makes people think. It gives people new energy
and optimism, besides music is a wonderful rest, a good way to remove from
tiredness and tension, it may just clam a person make him think of some think.
People like different music. Some enjoy only formal music of the 18th century;
others prefer romantic music; still others respond only to the modern music of
today. There are those who enjoy none of these kinds of music, but the simple
folk music of the countryside. There are no right or wrong in this - it is
simply a matter of varying sensitivity of different personalities to various
kinds of music. The questions, which arise, are how to teach the young people
to distinguish between faddish, tasteless imitations and music of enduring
quality. Of course classical music is a complicated and exclusive art but it
always occupies a worthy place in musical culture. Classical music gives the
listener keen delight. It appeals to our intellect. It also has an ethical
effect because it changes the listener for the better. The life of a man is
very different, sometimes happy, and sometimes dramatic, music gives us
possibility to find new strength, to get new energy and desires. That is why
each generation and every epoch have their own music to express their desires,
hopes and ideals. Nowadays there are a lot of new ideas in music. We can speak
about new musical technology. In less than ten years, video, compact discs and
computers all became important in the pop industry. Thanks to compact discs,
the quality of record sound is better than ever. Thanks to computers it is
possible to play and record thousands of new sounds.
Why do we learn
English?
English plays very important
role in our life. It must be admitted, that English is the most widespread language on
Earth. It is spoken in British Isles, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada
and South Africa.
As a result of various historical events, English is spreaded throughout the
world. English is mixing with other
languages around the world.Today English is the world standard language. Over 70 % (per cent) of scientists read in English. About 85 % of the world's mail is written in English. And 90 % of all electronic information is stored in English.
By 2020, the number of people, who speak English as a foreign language will exceed the number of native speakers.
English has large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80 % is foreign. English borrows words from Spanish, French, Arabic, Chinese and other languages.
There are many tasks of
English in the modern world:
2. English helps to simplify communication between people.
3. English is a language of international communication.
4. English allows strangers to communicate across linguistic boundaries.
5. English is a tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities.
6. English helps to hold on negotiations with foreign business partners.
7. English helps us to be successful at work.
8. English allows us to be promoted.
9. English helps us to read and compile foreign business papers.
10. English allows us to speak on different subjects with our friends
and colleagues.
11. We learn English for self-development.
What are human rights
Human rights are not
new. Human rights are the main standards
without which people can’t live and secure their human dignity. They are the
foundation of freedom, peace and
justice.
History showes that people have been thinking about human rights for
hundreds of years. The roots of the rights can be founded in most of the
world’s religions and philosophies. There were and are important differences what societies in
the world believe in this topic.Every country has its own law, which protects personal rights. Nevertheless, there some documents which are common to many different countries.
In 1948 the Universal Declaration was written by members from 14 countries and it was adopted by General Assembly of the United Nations.
Huмan rights cannot be bought, inherited, earned. A human has them from the first day of his or her birth. They are natural and universal because people are free and equal in their rights and dignity.
In every part of the world human rights development are connected with the struggle for freedom and equality of rights.
People must promote the development of the democracy and the rule of law, social civic structures for future generations.
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